Sports Group Research - theoretical models discussed in this topic: [1] Mediational Model of Leadership (applicable for youth sport); [2] Multidimensional Model (applicable to adult sport); [3] Coaching Effectiveness Model (combining 2 prev models).

[1] Mediational Model of Leadership (applicable for youth sport): Situational factors influence (1) coach individual difference variable; (2) player individual difference variable; (1) coach individual difference variable has 2 consequences: 1.1) coach’s behavior; 1.2) coach’s perception of players’ attitude; (2) player individ player individual difference variable has 2 consequences: 2.1) player’s perception and recall; 2.2) players’ evaluative reactions;

2 measures of leader behavior: (1) Coaching behavior: Coaching Behaviour Assessment System (CBAS) (2) Player’s perception: CBAS Perceived Behavior Scale (CBAS-PBS) (3) Types of Feedback from the coach: Coaching Feedback Questionnaire (CFQ) (+) Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS)

[2] Multidimensional Model (applicable to adult sport) - Transformational leadership principles: (1) Situational Characteristics have a direct effect on Required behavior and an indirect effect on Preferred behavior. (2) Leader Characteristics directly affect Actual behavior. (3) Member Characteristics have a direct impact on preferred behavior and an indirect impact on required behavior. All 3 behaviors (required, actual, and preferred) lead to member satisfaction and group performance.

[3] Coaching Effectiveness Model: Combining both previous models, this one is more complex but simpler.

Important: there is a lack of empirical research proving the model.

Situational characteristics (Sociocultural context and organizational climate) together with coaches’ personal characteristics influence coaches’ expectations, values, beliefs, and goals. These have the main impact on the coach’s behavior.

A coach’s behavior together with the athlete’s personal characteristics have an impact on the Athlete’s perception, interpretations, and evaluations of the coach’s behavior. That consequently affects athletes’ self-perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes, which lead to athletes’ performance and behavior, as well as athletes’ level and type of motivation.

To mention, athletes’ self-perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes, as well as athlete’s level and type of motivation, are defined to be "members’ characteristics". Coach’s personal characteristics and coach’s expectations, values, beliefs, and goals are also united under the term "leader characteristics".

Sports Team Processes: [1] Industrial & Organizational Psychology (I/O); [2] Important findings from researchers of Individuals; [3] Team cognition;

[1] Industrial & Organizational Psychology (I/O) - 3 concepts in I/O & social cognition: (1) social processes operating within a team can affect the cognition of individual members. (2) social properties (the way the team is organized) and social processes (nature of intrateam communication) affect the cognitive properties of the team. (3) the ability of a team to achieve an organizational structure is enhanced when the team first achieves and subsequently maintains, a specific social cognitive state (also known as a “share knowledge state”).

[2] Important findings from researchers of Individuals: (1) Mere Presence of Others: individual cognition can be affected in a group by the nature of members that constitute the remainder of the group. (2) Social Roles (Role allocation appears to affect cognition), Positions & Identities within a social group: processing information about significant others can affect cognition. (3) An individual mental representation of others: cognitive processes underlying decision making. (4) Social Interaction & Cognitive Change: An individual’s thinking is formed during social interaction.

[3] Team cognition means a cognitive system of a team based on properties. Distribution of information leads to group decision-making: (1) More than one should obtain the information to influence decision-making; (2) Cognitive properties are affected by social properties; (3) Conformation bias affects decision-making.

Implications of Coordination Concepts for sports psychologists: Trialing is recommended to test their efficiency: (1) Use Pre- as well as Postmortems: video footage to observe breakdown; (2) Use Check-backs to evaluate comprehension (reducing confusion about team plans); (3) Train situational probabilities: (a) video moments (b) sequences of action. (4) Use Cross-Training: shared teamwork knowledge (e.g. trying other member's roles) (5). Develop a shared language: short but not confusing (e.g. nicknames)